WHAT WE DO

Research

The Granada Lab develops theoretical and experimental methods that combine long-term live single-cell recordings with time series analysis, non-linear dynamics and mathematical modeling. We study the time-evolution of cellular states and the cell fate responses of hundreds of individual cells. Our aim is to identify general rules behind the dynamics of cellular states that can ultimately help to identify drug-sensitive states and to design optimal drug-perturbation schedules.

Much of the work in our lab is focused on a subtype of breast cancer known as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC affects 15-20% of all breast cancer patients, and is one of the most heterogeneous and aggressive subtypes of breast cancer with high rates of mortality. TNBC have an unmet medical need and effective treatments are urgently required. Currently, we can not predict which treatment will be the most effective for the different TNBC patients. The Granada Lab seeks to develop tools to quantitatively understand the sources of heterogeneity in time and space within TNBC tumors.

We are part of the Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCC) in Berlin, Germany.

Single-cell cell-fate decisions

As part of the current standard treatment, most breast cancer patients receive a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite its success, still many patients gain little or no benefit from this treatment, as evidenced from the elevated rates of locoregional recurrence, distant metastatic spread, and cancer deaths. Unfortunately, those patients will nevertheless suffer the short and long-term side effects of the inefficient therapy. We aim to develop patient-specific strategies that maximize the damage in tumor cells while minimizing the damage to normal cells.

After the chemo- or radiotherapy a fraction of tumor cells will die, some cells will remain quiescent, while other cells will survive and continue dividing. This is a characteristic response to cancer therapy known as fractional response, where a subpopulation of cells survives the treatment. Part of our research focuses on studying the cellular events and signaling dynamics that control the heterogeneous cell fate response of individual cells in time. Specifically, how internal cycling factors, such as the circadian clock, the cell cycle, and the p53 protein dynamics interact with the DNA damage response pathway to determine the response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer cells.

Our lab works in collaboration with the Laboratory of Galit Lahav from the Systems Biology Department at Harvard Medical School and the Laboratory of Jacob Stewart-Ornstein from the Department of Computational & Systems Biology from the School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh.

Single-cell state space representation of three internal cellular variables

Proliferating breast cancer cells with p53 and 53BP1 markes

Mammalian Circadian Clock - from single cells to human behaviour

Since millions of years the spinning of the Earth imposes daily periodically recurring environmental conditions on its inhabitants. Most organisms living on our planet have adapted by evolving their own internal about a day oscillator. This endogenous circadian oscillatory system controls an organism’s daily internal rhythms. In mammals, the central pacemaker responsible for generating such internal pace is the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the base of the brain, in a region called the hypothalamus just above the optic chiasm, where the two optic nerves cross over. This tiny neural nucleus is responsible for controlling endogenous circadian rhythms. Many different body functions like sleep-wake cycles, body temperature and endocrine rhythms are regulated by the outputs of this nucleus.

Single-cell circadian rhythms of well-synchronized SCN neurons.

Bioluminescence signal from PER2::LUC mouse brain slice. Acquired by Ute Abraham from Achim’s Kramer Lab

Intracellular Coupling and Entrainment Mechanisms

In addition to the SCN, peripheral oscillators, such as lung tissue, exhibit damped and usually less precise oscillations, which are thought to be brought about by the lack of intercellular coupling. Both SCN and oscillators in peripheral tissues share almost identical single-cell molecular clocks, but they behave surprisingly different upon external periodic perturbations (entrainment). Carrying out a combined theoretical and experimental study of whole tissue and single-cell circadian oscillations, my work has contributed to the understanding of the central role played by the intercellular coupling that explains the entrainment differences. In a separate theoretical study we focused on the different dynamics from hypothesized models of intercellular coupling. Our predictions clarified how coupling mechanisms affect entrainment properties.

Abraham U*, Granada AE*, Westermark PO*, Heine M*, Kramer A, and Herzel H (2010) Coupling governs entrainment range of circadian clocks. Molecular Systems Biology, 6:438.
Bordyugov G*, Granada AE*, and Herzel H (2011). How Coupling Determines the Entrainment of Circadian Clocks. European Physical Journal B.
Erzberger A, Hampp G, Granada AE, Albrecht U, Herzel H (2013). Genetic redundancy strengthens the circadian clock leading to a narrow entrainment range. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 10(84):20130221.

Circadian desynchronization and Timescales of entrainment

Experiments elucidating SCN heterogeneity are often invasive and thus implicitly modify the SCN tissue in an unknown manner. An novel experimental protocol was proposed to non-invasively dissociate this circadian oscillatory network in vivo. Rats exposed to exotic short Light-Dark cycles express two stable circadian motor activity rhythms (a fast and a slow rhythm). Motivated by these exciting works that characterized SCN heterogeneity, we developed a computational model and made predictions to help elucidate the sources of the observed heterogeneity (see first publication below). In addition, when an oscillator is entrained, its endogenous period is adjusted to that of the external recurring environment. Despite its heterogeneity, the SCN has the striking ability of fast entrainment. We have identified the core oscillator properties that determine the timescales to entrainment.

Granada AE, Cambras T, Diez-Noguera A, Herzel H (2011). Circadian desynchronization. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 1:153-166.
Granada AE, Herzel H (2009) How to achieve fast entrainment? The timescale to synchronization. PLoS One 4: e7057.
Generic properties derived from the theory of coupled oscillators explain the observed differences in the timescales of entraiment.

Human Chronotypes and Seasonal effects

Commonly known as the “early birds” or “night owls”, a person’s chronotype is the propensity for the individual to sleep at a particular time during the day. A central question in human circadian research is to understand the interaction of the internal and environmental components that determine this chronotypes. Multiple major studies have characterized human chronotypes and study the distributions of human chronotypes but little is known about the factors that determine the shape of this distributions. In a series of works we have provided a framework to explain the distributions observed in human chronotypes and how the wake up time (phase of entrainment) depends on seasons and on additional internal human circadian clock parameters such as relaxation times and inter-cellular coupling.

Granada AE, Bordyugov G, Kramer A, Herzel H (2013). Human chronotypes from a theoretical perspective. PLoS One 8(3):e59464.
Granada AE, Herzel H, Kramer A, Abraham U. (2017). Information Transfer in the Mammalian Circadian Clock. Book chapter. Information and Communication Theory in Molecular Biology. Springer. ISBN-13: 978-3319547282

Perturbation and Information theory to study circadian oscillators.

Phase response curves are widely used in circadian clocks, neuroscience and heart physiology. They quantify the response of an oscillator to pulse-like perturbations. Phase response curves provide valuable information on the properties of oscillators and their synchronization. In the first publication listed below we discuss biological self-sustained oscillators (circadian clock, physiological rhythms, etc.) in the context of nonlinear dynamics theory. While direct synchronization by light is restricted to light-sensitive clock cells (e.g. in the eye), temperature cycles can be perceived by the majority of body cells, rendering it an elegant means to study environmental information transfer in mammalian clock cells. We studied the role of temperature oscillations as a zeitgeber for peripheral tissues. We combined information theory and theory of coupled oscillators to generate a set of theoretical predictions and tested them experimentally. See book chapeter below.

Granada AE, Hennig RM, Ronacher B, Kramer A, Herzel H (2009) Phase response curves elucidating the dynamics of coupled oscillators. Methods in Enzymology 454:1–27.
Granada AE, Herzel H, Kramer A, Abraham U. (2017). Information Transfer in the Mammalian Circadian Clock. Book chapter. Information and Communication Theory in Molecular Biology. Springer. ISBN-13: 978-3319547282

These works are done in collaboration with the Labs of Hanspeter Herzel and Achim Kramer, from Humboldt University Berlin and the Charité University Hospital, respectively.

Birdsong production

The generation of a behavior involves interactions between the nervous system, the morphology of the peripheral system and the environment. The biomechanics of a peripheral system imposes constraints on the neural control, and also provides opportunities for the emergence of complexity in behavior. A rich example is birdsong, where neural instructions drive a complex respiratory system in order to activate the vocal organ. The dynamical state of the respiratory system feeds back into the nuclei in charge of expiration and inspiration, and therefore the emerging dynamics can be potentially extremely rich. As part of my master thesis I use bifucation theory and simulations to inspected the respiratory patterns that can be generated as the result of the interaction of the respiratory nuclei and the respiratory peripheral system.

Granada AE, Gabitto M, García G, Alliende J, Méndez J, Trevisan M, Mindlin GB (2006). The generation of respiratory rhythms in birds. Physica A. 371:84–87..